The Slavery Of The United States - 897 Words

As the century drew to a close new innovations were being created every day. Things such as the cotton gin were being created and as industry grew so did the reliance of railroads for transportation, thus sparking a catalyst that could aid the work force. This was especially important for those living in the United States as it was a relatively new, yet thriving country that was rapidly becoming an economic threat to countries that dominated the world for centuries. While the northern parts of the United States were quickly catching on to a blossoming new century, there was still an old custom being practiced in the south that was widely outdated, slavery. The â€Å"necessary evil† was soon becoming a thing of the past, and while the north seemed to be flourishing the south was still grounded in the outdated custom that was long overdue and kept those tied down to it in bondage. Slavery was no longer a needed institution and its insinuation not only hindered the south, but of the overall growth of the United States. There is no mistaking slavery is one of the oldest and most evil practices condoned by humanity. Its very nature goes against every document stating that all men are equal therefore sharing equal rights. Pertaining to the United States it is one of the darkest, most unfathomable forms of labor permitted. Not only did it take away the commons rights of freedom, it also dehumanizes those who bound to it, being seen as simply livestock in a herd or property that couldShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The United States891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Unites States during the 1850s was a harsh time for African Americans, not only were they treated extremely harsh; but many of them were slaves as well. Slavery was the topic of every discussion during this time period and the United States was literally split on the issue of slavery. A lot of the Southern States wanted to continue slavery because it was a way of life. Many of the southerners depend on slavery to help grow and harvest crops that were on acres and acres of land. Northerns, onRead MoreSlavery And The United States848 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States. During these years, many different topics were up for dispute and compromises were being negotiated. Unfortunately, it was hard for all of the citizens to come to a complete compromise for the disputes. Some states had similar opinions, while others were in a deadlock. One of the biggest disputes during this time were over slavery. While other disputes only involved a few states, slavery was a dispute that caused unrest between two distinctive regions in the United States: theRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1449 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Slavery is founded on the selfishness of man’s nature; opposition to it on his love for justice.† This saying by Abraham Lincoln tells us that people are really different when it comes to their beliefs and attitudes. Some are so focused on wealth, which is why they have slaves to work for free, and tr eated them as properties instead of real human beings. On the other hand, some people were against slavery because it violated the basic human rights like the right to life, liberty, and security.Read MoreThe Slavery Of The United States953 Words   |  4 PagesEvery country has a dark past, whether it’s about conquering land from Native Americans, or mass genocide of a single race. The United States was no different from the rest of the world, especially when slavery was involved. The South had its reasons on why to establish and justify the slavery system while the North rejected their beliefs. By focusing on the South’s argument, this will help to understand why they fought for their rights to keep slaves and understand how the African Americans wereRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1095 Words   |  5 Pagesattempted to cure their complete opposition on the regulation of slavery by using federal power to coerce an end to the feud, yet the movement increase d tension between the divided nation. By invoking both legislative and judicial power, politicians used laws which included slave codes and freedom laws as well as court decisions like Dred Scott v Sandford (1875) to convince or force the population into acceptance of stances on slavery. Each party viewed their tactics and ideas to be righteous, andRead MoreSlavery And The United States1305 Words   |  6 PagesSlavery; An Issue Neglected to a Key Principle in the U.S. For 20 years slavery had existed in the United States of America despite its immorality and the objections of many citizens. Strides were made to correct this injustice around the time of the Revolutionary war; colonists started to demand their natural human rights from Britain. In 1766, our founding fathers were the first faced with a decision to abolish slavery; they felt the pressure from facing the purpose of their campaign due to theRead MoreSlavery And The United States1507 Words   |  7 PagesOver the centuries, slavery held a prominent factor in United States history. Slavery shaped and formed what society was in the United States. Slavery’s influence impacted the United States in various ways. The ways that slavery impacted United States history are the United States economy, society and politics. Some historians argue slavery is not an important factor in United States history. However, they are wrong because slavery brought many different political movements and t he Underground RailroadRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States976 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery has played a very integral part in the development of the United States so far. It has taught people the importance of racial equality and moral discipline, which was lacked back in the time when slavery existed. Moreover, slaves were used mostly by farmers and business owners who wanted to maximize their profits and wanted cheap sources of labor. Slaves were first imported into the United States back in 1502 by a merchant named; Juan de Cà ³rdoba. The South was very interested in bringingRead MoreSlavery And The United States1673 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, when slavery existed, blacks were undermined and denied many freedoms entitled to them under the Constitution. There were many topics argued about, but slavery caused the most dispute within the country. In the 1850’s, the pro-slavery South and the anti-slavery North collided when the case of Dred Scott, a black slave who attempted to gain liberation, was brought to court. The North and South had vastly different views on the subject of slavery, Scott had resided in the free state of IllinoisRead MoreThe Slavery Of The United States1670 Words   |  7 Pageswedge between the nation. As the United States progressed into different industries, slavery benefited only one side of the country – the south. The north began outlawing slavery, deeming it as immoral and unconstitutional while the south needed and depended on slavery to maintain their economy. The opposing sides on the slave system lead to arguments between the North and the South as to decide what new territories would allow slavery, then leading on to outlawing slavery all together. Tensions increased

Solutions to Hurricane Sandy Free Essays

Dear New Yorkers, Last week, Super storm Sandy tore up the East Coast, leaving a path of immeasurable destruction and devastation in its wake. In addition, while many are still reeling and searching for necessities, we are reminded that some challenges like not having access to gas, water, electricity and damage to houses get resolved as soon as possible. It is imperative that we change these problems and fix them. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Hurricane Sandy or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is why people like the American Cancer Society, ConEdison and volunteers are here around the clock to offer those facing trials and tribulations the information and support they continue to need. As New Yorkers, we will fight to the finish to make sure everything will be in tiptop shape again. While the damage and disruption that Sandy brought across the Eastern US continues to be assessed, as we move through energy and gasoline, housing is really the Number 1 concern. Many homeowners will most likely rebuild their homes. Unfortunately, no one can stop Mother Nature and this weather-related catastrophe could happen again. Restructuring the sand dunes to even greater heights will only allow the tropical and hurricane force winds to displace more sand and Atlantic Ocean salt water on the streets and into the homes and businesses. However, there is a way to alleviate some of the problems. All the municipalities along the entire New Jersey coastline should require the homeowners to rebuild their homes above ground level. These homes should be built on pilings that are anchored deep into the ground with a minimum height requirement of 6 feet above ground level. The sand dunes should be rebuilt on a minimum height scale. This would mean less displacement of sand throughout the towns. Hundreds of cars lined up for gasoline while other gas stations, with millions of gallons statewide, sit empty because they have no power to operate their pumps. I know as New Yorkers we have questions such as why is the installation of generators in gas stations a statutory requirement for operating a gas station. Meanwhile, traffic signals at major intersections are out, creating dangerous driving conditions, while the streetlights adjacent to the traffic lights have power and are on. I know it does not take an electrical engineer to figure out what is wrong with that picture. Well the fact of the matter is, people still had to go to work and school. Therefore, they had to do what they saw best fit, which was driving. Fortunately, more gas tankers and barges are coming to the area and ‘there will be more of a supply of gas,’ but that availability problems may continue for a few more days. The relentless dedication of our millions of supporters enables our society to deliver on our mission of saving lives by helping people stay well. In addition, helping people get well together, we can emerge from any storm that comes our way and continue to create a world with less cancer and more birthdays. I hope this note finds you and your loved ones safe and secure. -Mayor How to cite Solutions to Hurricane Sandy, Papers

A case of Orangutan Foundation

Question: Prepare a Marketing Report on Orangutan Foundation. Answer: Executive summary Rise in the volunteer travelers worldwide has increased the charity and other to open for the lucrative offer for the expedition on the highly daunting and intimidating experience of travelling. Orangutan foundations in central Kalimnatan are known its conserving the apes which are on the verge of extinctions. With the rise in the volunteer tourism has created lucrative offer for the foundation to launch the expeditions for the sensational seeker customers. Apart from that, theses traveler are being motivated by the cultural immersion, giving back, seeking camaraderie and bonding opportunities are some of the major examples of the motivators. Segmentation, targeting and positioning process helps the Orangutan foundations to understand their customer base. The Orangutan foundations are targeting 16-40 age groups for the expeditions. Apart from that, by using penetration pricing Strategies Company is able to attract the volunteer travelers. Lastly with various media like Televisions, s ocial media platform like Face book and the twitter are some for the major promotion positioning tactics for the Orangutan foundations. Introduction Tourism Industry is one of the booming industries in Australian economy. In 2012 the Tourism industry has seen up to 5.5% growth in Australian tourism industry which has now become more than $35 billion contributing in GDP (Benson, 2011). In the recent times, volunteer tourism has been one of the most influential tourism sectors which are rising in Australia along with rising the volunteer tourism foundations who are willing to give thrilling and challenging form of expeditions which would be life changing experience for the tourist. One of the major rising foundation is Orangutan foundations who is known for the persevering the endangered mammoth apes and tropical forest since 1999 (Brown and Morrison, 2003). Foundation has organised diverse range of programme for the saving the Orangutan and creating sustainability among the tourist. The study deals with volunteer tourism and Orangutan foundations along with its segmenting, targeting and positioning formula. Back ground of the company: Orangutan foundations Orangutan a foundation is UK registered charity working for saving the endangered species giant apes that are on the verge of extinct. This foundation is established in 1990 in order to raise the awareness among the tourist regarding the Orangutan and its species along with conserving tropical sustainability (Vrasti, 2013). Orangutan foundations are actively promoting the awareness among public, media, governmental organisation, tourist to facilitate the endangered spices. Foundation is also an esteem member of UNEP, UNESCO and pride member of APE Alliance. On the other hand another major purpose of the foundations is to protect the tropical forest habitat and reach maximum places to monitor the present condition of Orangutan and their species along with maintaining the biodiversity and unique forest (Orangutan.org.uk, 2015). Foundations ahs also launched various programme such as Belantiokan Conservative Programme and Saving Apes are some of major strategies that used by the Orangut an foundations. There are various services provided by the Orangutan foundations to attract the volunteer tourist: One of the primary functions of the Volunteered tourism is to take initiative to determine the need of the tourists and target the promotion efforts to increase in the continuity in creating the large customer base for the cause (Herbutt, 2013). Orangutan foundations as an tour operators chooses the various models which will serve the best to serve the clients, stakeholder sand the foundations. In 2008, the market for volunteer tourism in Western Europe grew by 5-8% from the previous years which is very good news for the volunteer tourism industry. As the growth in this reason seen because of the number of rising people joining for the tour to the variety of destinations (Page and Connell, 2008). Orangutan foundations basically involve in the short term volunteering opportunities for the tourist and the customers which would like to helps others and live for the cause. Volunteer tourism offers hybrid form of options to meet the demand of tourist by going beyond conservations and trad itional form of tourist supply chain (Pineda and Brebbia, 2010). Volunteer tourism programme One of the major services that, Orangutan foundations promises that trip would be the very adventures. There would be various twist and turns while visiting the various tropical forest of Australia, Indonesia and the other Asian destinations (Pineda and Brebbia, 2012). Apart from that, things like making tent, cooking, building places for the Orangutan and creating awareness by educating and teaching the local communities residing behind the tropical forest. Orangutan foundations have taken initiative to raise the fund via charity and promote and protect the natural resources. Apart from that, saving forest would impact on the economy and country richness in natural resources (Brown and Lehto, 2005). This Orangutan foundations volunteer programme has started in 2000 in Tanjung Puting National Park which located in the central Kalimantan in Indonesia (Voluntourism.org, 2015). The programme promises to be more exciting and more adventurous for the tourist. Volunteer would be able to take porat in the first hand conservation of field work and the individual would be able to see the captive Orangutans in their present habitat (Orangutan.org.uk, 2015). Tanjung Puting National Park is one of the largest remaining populations of Orangutans in the unprotected areas. Challenging destinations challenging destination is another major criteria for the volunteer tourist who are very much sensation seeking. Foundations have chosen various model of expedition to promote and as well as raise the fund for the extinction of the giant apes (Australia, 2015). Challenging destinations creates huge amount of risk and also challenges that needed to be solved in places where the chances of livelihood id nowhere. Orangutan foundations has arranges the Indonesian tropical forest for the most of the tour expedition hc9h gives the tourist to faces the tough situation such as self medicated , taking care of self and others, team building along with making friends and also life changing experience for the tourist (Kelly et al. 2010). The foundations take the tourist for the sponsored running marathon by dressing them like apes in order to create awareness. Fundraising fundraising would be another major services which conducted by the orangutan foundations by supporting the range of programmes and innovative ideas like online shopping and merchandising the broad range of products to raise the fund for the cause (Grnroos, 2010). Apart from that, foundations also well into adopting an orangutan to reduce the burden of giving huge amount of fund. This decreases the burden for spending more form the low level and middle age income group (Gummesson, 2009). Schools and colleges packages (Youth driven) as per the Simon Faulkner of Sydney University of technology, feels that, youth are more inclined towards the voluntourists tourism. Volunteering tourist expires at wild life park in Indonesia and Thailand gives the surprise element t the students and the adults professionals (Gabriel et al. 2010). The level of dedication serve by the studenst while volunteer tourism is very much surprise package for the Orangutan foundations. As most of the students dedications, ability to maintain stay calm at tough condition without complaining is remarkable for the foundations (Voluntourism.org, 2015). The foundations tour operators work on the scrubbing pool, planning new trees, and walking endless towards the encore area of jungle feeding water and food to the apes. STEPPES travel tours programme This is unique form of travel tours organised by Orangutans foundations which is unique and very much prominent tours that go beyond the bored and conventional form of touring the places (Orangutan.org.uk, 2015). Steppes Travel is form of travel where the Orangutans expert from the foundations would give the insight of the work of foundations and show the life of Orangutans in their natural habitat. This experience will give the travelers beautiful rain forest along with journey with boat along with Sekonyer River. Apart from the ape, other animals like monkeys, various type birds, deer, lizards and leopard would be present (Gabriel et al. 2010). Volunteer tourist would engage in the daily life of wildlife of Orangutans. This would creates the awareness among the tourist about the living way of Orangutans and their foundations purpose of saving the last living giant of the earth who are on verge of extinction. Literature review The motivating factor for the volunteers while taking vacations and leisure are cultural immersions, giving back, seeking camaraderies and seeking educational bonding opportunities which would enlighten the volunteers for their lifetime. Cultural motivations The reason for volunteer on vacations helps the individuals to maintain the physical and emotional side along with understanding the local culture and community to gain strong motivational factor. As noted by Leigh (2006), one of the major benefit for the cultural immersions is to get on filed interaction with local community and local people which would bring out the valuable opportunities to understand the life via volunteer work. These parts of volunteering experiences enable the travelers to experience and learn beyond the typical tourism. Apart from that, cultural motivational also help the people to rationalize the lives and living environment of the places. It has been found out that volunteer travelers tries to get attach strong value for the seeking and experiencing authenticity of the visited place (Illeris, 2003). Volunteer travelers are also very much keen on learning and have curiosity of the local people and their common traditions that lead to connect with local people in more philosophical way. This helps the volunteer travelers to make strong friendship for the long term between the visitors and host during the expeditions (Foster-Smith and Evans, 2003). Giving back As discussed by Cousins et al. (2009), the other second motivational factor would be giving back and reach out to the insight of the less privileged places. Most of the individuals are very much keen on giving back whatever they have achieved. By spending the time with the local people and the creating the trip with objectives that helps them to work with less fortunate habitat or human rather than pure self enjoyment (Coghlan and Pearce, 2010). These are those people who are objective driven in life. This helps them to give back something to the society which these volunteers have received during their life time. Volunteer tourism is also known as the gateway for being the activists, political participations and opportunity to take part in the social movement. On the other hand , opined by Coghlan (2005), giving back is term which is promise felt by the achieving in life to return the favour to the unprivileged and unfortunate by bring smile in their face with some generosity. With these favour and help the most of the volunteer to achieve the maximum the satisfaction from the inner self. These volunteer are being selflessly working for the habitat and general people, to gain unselfish and being a part of noble team which would creates positive vibes from the inner self of the volunteer (Brown and Lehto, 2005). Seeking camaraderie On the other hand, the third motivation factor is seeking the camaraderie which is only achieved in the volunteer vacations. For the well versed travelers, these type of the trips would help them to bring the best of group sans the friendship for life time (Brown and Morrison, 2003). Interacting and meeting with the locale sand communities along with other travelers would give them long term friendship motives behind the volunteer vacations. These focus groups are very much interested in making friends and are looking to add value to their enjoyment for the overall pleasure trip experience (Pineda and Brebbia, 2012). While visiting, working with local members, experts and other expeditions members is helpful to make them to share their views and the help in building relationship strong bond for last life time. Seeking the camaraderie is one of the sentiments which are very much lucrative for these groups while visiting to the tours. However, sometimes the experience can also be nightmare for the travelers because of the poor and fighting environment of the places (Pineda and Brebbia, 2010). Individuals choose the volunteer vacations in order to anticipate building new relationship from the volunteer experience. Apart from that, it would be blend of the hard work and determinations with some recreations activities which would creates more of satisfaction level of doing the noble thing (Page and Connell, 2008). Educational Bonding opportunities Lastly, another major opportunities for the volunteer travelers is tom learn and get educated by the experience from the expeditions. Another major motivator factor which help the volunteer to gain the knowledge and skills which would they impart to their children, family and friends (Herbutt, 2013). This would help them to learn the less fortunate places and underprivileged model and their surviving tactics which would motivate them to make best use of the existing resources which the volunteer have. This expeditions creates awareness shared in social media site which educate people to stop misusing the natural resources and conserving the natural resources which would again the make the world better place. Apart from that, Benson (2011) opined that, educations and bonding would be increases for the volunteer travelers by raising the social issues and other various communal issues faced during the time of visiting the places. By participating in the educating team and sending messag e to the underprivileged to maintain healthy living and maintaining sustainability within their habitat which would direct them to self satisfaction and improve their vision of life (Coghlan and Pearce, 2010). This would seek better bonding opportunities with the children. These bonding with children make the learning more effective as they would indulge in achieving the social goals. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning process Segmentations of volunteer travelers Segmentation bases Customers segment for Volunteer Tourism for orangatun foundations Geographic Region North America, Europe, Asia Pacific , Australia Density Rural and Urban (45 million) Age 16-35 age category Gender Male, females and others Income High and middle income groups Occupation Employees and professionals Demographic Social status Working class, Non-working class, Students and teachers (No handicapped is allowed) Family size Single, nuclear, joint family Psychographic Lifestyle Traditional and moderns Occasions Regular and other Festive seasons and on holidays (March to June) Behavioural Benefits Learning, bonding with locales and communities and for self satisfaction Occasions No fixed category Segmentation part of volunteer tourism for Orangutans foundations are as given below: The chosen potential customers are from the Australia, northern America and the Europe in to the volunteer tourism because as the awareness in these nation are very much high in compare to other nations. One of the potential customers is students and college group who are very much interested in these type of research and expeditions (Gabriel et al. 2010). The volunteer are will generally from the Australian for the Orangutans foundations who are willing to raise the fund via creating the awareness via volunteer tourisms. Orangutan foundation has also organizes various programmes like camping, cooking and feeding the apes along with visiting the inner core of the forest (Gummesson, 2009). Along with that, how to sustain in the extreme situations and challenges to overcome of the situations are some of the major part of volunteer tourism within the company. The chosen income group is middle, class, higher class and lowers middle class in order to afford the prices. These income groups are being invited by the Orangutans foundations because of raising the fund sand creating awareness (Gabriel et al. 2010). Although the foundation is known for its charity foundations but selling of merchandise goodies of apes is also one of their major fund raising businesses. The segmentation of Orangutans foundations for the volunteer tourism is also raised by via online participation which would open for the entire citizen for Australia and UK (Voluntourism.org, 2015). Targeting Process At this phase the Orangutans foundations need to target their customer base who are willing to take financial and as well as life risking while going for the expeditions in the forest of Indonesia (Brown and Morrison, 2003). There is large quantity of the customer base willing to go to the places where the situations are tough and as well as dangerous. The foundations promises to keep safe but camping and cooking along with meeting new people would be life changing experience for the adventurer (Coghlan, 2005). Selecting the Target group Sensation seeker: Sensational seekers are those pole are who are willing to sacrifice the luxury for the thrill, and physically tough situation which would create s lots of scope of to rove themselves. Sensation seekers are associated with risk taking personality. These seekers wanted to give something in return to the society after what they have achieved (Cousins et al. 2009). Most of the students are very much sensational seeker who is willing to risk their life to get the best learning and practical on the filed experience of living with orangutan. In general population males are higher seeker of the females (Foster-Smith and Evans, 2003). The target age groups for these expeditions are start from the 16-40 years of age where the individuals are in the peak of childhood and adolescence. Target customer (Age wise) Age group for volunteer toursim Targeting (%) 16-24 41.1% 24-40 48.1% Above 40 11.01% Graph 1: Age group for volunteer toursim (Source: Gabriel et al. 2010, pp-506) Target income group for Orangutans expeditions Income group per month of volunteer tourist (Europe , UK and Australia) Market shares (%) $5000-$10,000 34.01% $10,000-$20,000 28.09% $20,000-$35000 31.03% $35000-$40,0000 19.1% $40,000-$50,000 11.08% Above 50,000 9.23% Graph 2: Income group per month of volunteer tourist (Europe, UK and Australia) Positioning Service: Orangutan foundations need to look for more new expeditions apart from that Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesia. With new variety of expedition the mountain climbing along with helping the local communities and the apes would increase the volunteer. As per now, foundation has narrowed down its expedition only to the fixed place (Australia.gov.au, 2015). Pricing strategies Foundation should choose the penetration pricing as this will help the foundations to create large volunteer from each and every part of the nations. With low price and high adventurous quality and support the strong cause will attract the large customer. Figure 1: Pricing strategy used by orangutan foundations (Source: McIntosh and Zahra, 2007, pp-543) Place: Place would be school, colleges and the rest of the tour and travel company. Providing flight ticket to the customers and hotel booking to camping in the forest areas along with feeding the orangutan is the major supply chain prices for the Orangutan foundations. Supply chain system of orangutan foundation is given below: Figure 2: Supply chain system (Source: Gabriel et al. 2010, pp-520) Promotions Social media: Social media is one of the most influential place to market the products or service. In this noble cause of saving orangutan would be easy for the foundations for their orangutan foundations noble cause. Social media platform like Face book and Twitter helps the foundation to create fan page where the volunteer would automatically be get to know about the foundations (Australia, 2015). Promoting in Schools and colleges magazines: This is one of the most influential way of promoting the exciting trip for the expedition in the Indonesia which could be very easy way to convince the student to come for the volunteer tourism (Voluntourism.org, 2015). TV: As per the Austrian bureau of statics, there is more than 19.1 million consumer of TV who regular watches the televisions. This would be one of the major techniques of targeting the customers for the expedition by promoting its advertisement in discovery or national geographic channels (Australia.gov.au, 2015). Conclusion From the above study, it has been found that, Orangutan Foundations is one of the primer foundations of saving the preserving the tropical forest which is been formed in 1990. Rise in the volunteer travelers has increased by 2.30% from the previous year. One of the major motivator among the volunteer travelers is cultural immersion where various form of people and from other nations meet at one place. Apart from that, it would be giving back which to return the society whatever little have been achieved by the volunteer travelers. One of the major target markets for the foundations would be sensation seekers and the maximum age limit start from the 16 age group. Lastly, TV commercials and the social media plat for are some of the major promotion tactics. Reference list Books Benson, A. (2011). Volunteer tourism. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Herbutt, T. (2013). Volunteer tourism. [S.l.]: Grin Verlag Ohg. Page, S. and Connell, J. (2008). Sustainable tourism. London: Routledge. Pineda, F. and Brebbia, C. (2010). Sustainable tourism IV. Southampton: WIT. Pineda, F. and Brebbia, C. (2012). Sustainable tourism V. Southampton: WIT Press. Vrasti, W. (2013). Volunteer tourism in the global south. London: Routledge. Journals Brown, A. and Morrison, A. (2003). Expanding Volunteer Vacation Participation: an exploratory study on the mini-mission concept. Tourism Recreation Research 28(3):3-82. Brown, S. and Lehto, X. Y. (2005). Traveling with a purpose: Understanding the motives and benefits of volunteer vacationers. Current Issues of Tourism, 8(6),479-496. Coghlan, A. (2005). Towards an Understanding of the Volunteer Tourism Experience. Unpublished PhD thesis, James Cook University, Townsville. 17 Coghlan, A. and Pearce, P. (2010) Tracking affective components of satisfaction. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10 (1). pp. 1-17. Cousins, J.A., Evans, J, Sadler, J. (2009). Selling conservation? Scientific Legitimacy and the commodification of conservation tourism. Ecology and society 14(1): 32 -49. Foster-Smith, J. and Evans, S. M. (2003). The Value of Marine Ecological Data Collected by Volunteers. Biological Conservation 113: 199-213. Illeris, K. (2003). Towards a contemporary and comprehensive theory of learning International Journal of Lifelong Education, 22(4): 396-406. Leigh, D. (2006) .Third cultured volunteer tourists and the process of re-assimilation into home environments. Australian Journal on Volunteering 11(2): 59-67. McIntosh, A. and Zahra, A. (2007). A Cultural Encounter through Volunteer Tourism: towards the ideals of sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15(5): 541-556. Gabriel, H., Kottasz, R. and Bennett, R. (2010) Advertising planning, ad-agency use of advertising models, and the academic practitioner divide. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 24(5), 505-527 Gummesson, E. (2009) Relationship marketing: It all happens here and now! Marketing Theory, 3(1), 167-169 Grnroos, C. (2010) The relationship marketing process: communication, interaction, dialogue, value. The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 19(2), 99-113. Kelly, A., Lawlor, K. and O'Donohoe, S. (2010) Encoding Advertisements: The Creative Perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 21(5/6), 505-528.